Cyber Crime in the 21st century Essay

Examine the key features around the growth, development and policing of cyber crime in the 21st century. The internet was first created in the 1960’s, but it only really started to take off and develop in the last 20 years with big websites such as Google (1998) and YouTube (2005). With the internet developing and people knowing more about it, cybercrime then came about and since then it has grown and gotten more dangerous and more extreme. There are several different types of cybercrime for example one is called cyber violence, this includes stalking and harassment, it can also be bullying people online via social networking sites and chat rooms. Cyber obscenity is another type of cyber crime which is sexual including porn sites. Cyber trespass is the crime of hacking sites and cyber theft is also another cybercrime which is credit card fraud as well as the illegal downloading of movies, music, books etc. Computer hackers are very intelligent, initially they started hacking sites simply because they were able to, and they wanted to explore the sites, at the start it was done just for fun. However it didn’t take long for these hackers to realise their potential and what they could actually be doing, soon it then escalated and they became more educated and more confident in hacking. These hackers could now be described as ‘attackers’. There are a few types of attacks that can be made on a computer. One is Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. This is a system set up which sends out a fake email to an individual, it could be to check their password for online banking or make credit card payments etc. It will look very genuine to service users and often many of them fall into the trap. E-Mail bomb is another type of attack that can be made, hundreds of emails are sent to a service in order to shut it down. Another attack is a Trojan Horse, these are attachments sent to people perhaps through email, they may also pop up on the screen. They are very appealing to individuals for example ‘click here for your free iPad’ or ‘you are the 999,999th visitor, click here to claim your free prize’ these are likely to open up viruses. Other types of attacks include Worms, Network Scanning and Key Loggers. Argot is a type of language used for hacking sites and known by all highly skilled hackers. There are three different types of hackers they are; Black hat hacker, white hat hacker and grey hat hacker. 1. Black hat hacker – they are dangerous and highly skilled hackers. They will make it known to people how good they are at hacking and how dangerous they are. 2. White hat hacker – they are usually employed by companies to test the security of their websites. 3. Grey hat hacker – they are very unpredictable and because of this it makes them the most dangerous of all three hackers. Many big website have been hacked such as Yahoo and Play, this is not well known because companies involved do not want the news to be publicised mostly because it would not be good for business as people may think that the website is not safe and will not use it. 22% of the top mobile applications have been hacked. Stalking only became a crime in 1997 and a criminal offence in England and Wales in 2012. Cyber stalking activities include sending repeated, unwanted messages, it could be ordering stuff on behalf of the victims, publicising the victims personal information, spreading false information about the individual and encouraging others to harass the victim. There are 2 types of stalking, direct and indirect. Direct is most common and often starts with an email. Indirect is stalking with the use of billboards and advertisements. In 1999, Ellison carried out research on Working to the Halt of Abuse Online 2000 and found that 39% of stalkers began contact with the victim via email. Only 1% of stalkers didn’t use the internet to first get in contact with the victim. Stalkers are likely to be an ex-partner, however half of all stalkers aren’t known by the victim. There were websites set up for people to stalk there ex partner online, they were called ‘Avengers Den’ and ‘Get Revenge On Your Ex’ they were designed so people could crush their ex-partners self esteem and they could fake SMS them. 87% of cyber stalking victims are young women (Working to the Halt of Abuse Online). Only 50% of cyber stalking activities are reported to the authorities. There are three groups of cyber stalkers; Simple Obsessional, these stalkers have been in a relationship with the victim, the victim has tried to call it of but the stalker refuses to accept it and becomes obsessed with the victim. Love Obsessional, these are stalkers who haven’t had a relationship with the victim but they believe that themselves and the victim have a special connection. Erotomaniac stalkers believe that the victim is deeply in love with them, it can be messages through the media that lead them to believe this. (Melroy, 1996; Mullen et al., 1999) Cybercrime violence has links with terrorism. Cyber terrorism is when an attack is made against a person or property. Cyber terrorism can even be causing a person to be fearful of being harmed. Al Qaeda which is an international terrorist organisation which began in the late 1980’s has been on the internet from the late 1990’s. These Al Qaeda sites may only be on the web for a matter of hours before they are shut down, however they are soon replaced by another one. There were an estimated 5,600 sites as of January 2008 and 900 appearing each year (Weimann 2008). Policing Cyber Crime: Cybercrime has no limits and it can be uncontrollable, there are so many crimes committed online it is hard to keep track of all them. Also it is difficult to see a pattern in cybercrimes. Cybercrime is still developing, there are more viruses every day, it is the fastest moving type of crime. This may be because many people may be committing cyber crime without knowing it, for example people may not know when they are downloading music illegally. Cyber crime is growing and growing. The internet’s characteristics make cybercrime policing very hard, especially hackers, they are so skilled and make sure they do not get caught. There are state funded public police organisations set up to help police cybercrime and put a stop to it. There are also state funded non police and non public policing organisations. ISPs are set up as well as internet users forming groups to protect themselves from cybercrime. There are specialist units in place for policing cybercrime for example Europol which is the European law enforcement agency and Interpol which is the world’s largest policing agency with 109 countries involved. They connect policing communities to make the world safer. Forensic Investigation Units, CID/ Fraud Squad, Computer crime units and child protection units are specialist units that deal with cyber crime. The aim for the future is to bring in some form of legislation that cuts down on cyber crime and also to stop cyber crime from starting in the first place. To conclude the internet has proven to be very dangerous and cyber crime is developing rapidly. People have to be extremely careful while using the internet and not fall into the hackers trap. Warren, P and Streeter, M (2005). Cyber Crime. London: Vision Paperbacks. 1-19, 19-45, 45-72.

A New Work Ethic Essay

The following questions are to help us analyze and maybe even understand where business in America is heading, especially with a capitalist society. 1. Describe how typical the attitudes that Sheehy reports appear to be in work environments you have experienced. The attitude described by James Sheehy unfortunately is not uncommon among young employees on these days, therefore is very likely that all of us at some point have come across an employee that has poor work ethics. I have worked in a call center environment for several years and have experienced how my younger coworkers, some of them still attending college, think of their job as a transitional one; they feel they don’t have to excel in their tasks even though they have the ability to do a better performance, because they work in customer service. The problem with younger generations I believe it starts at home and school; parents usually want to give their children what they didn’t have growing up but they’re failing in teaching them appreciation and value f the things they receive, and that sends a message that they deserve something, instead of having to earn something; and at school they learn they can pass their classes by pulling enough extra credit even if they did poor in their tests and assignments, contributing to that get-away-with-it mentality that Sheehy talks about. 2. Explain the implications of the work ethics Sheehy describes for the future of American busi ness. Elizabeth Vallance (1995) reflects that business ethics â€Å"involves articulating a coherent set of values for a business and trying to set decision making within the context of these values† (p. ), but the values described by Sheehy are not the ideal ones that would lead a business to success, subsequently, there must be a change in those values, or a change in the way Americans do business, acknowledging that there is a new business ethics, understanding and adapting to the new generations, but never ignoring the moral values that characterize our society and that have built the business system which is the core of the capital system now. Shaw (2010) advices that as long as these new generations have the â€Å"freedom to influence the nature of their jobs and pursue their lifestyles,† they would be willing to work hard (p. 156), so ignoring the attitude that Sheehy’s co-workers have is not the solution to the problem, instead, delegating responsibility, getting the employees more involved in the decision making process, and accepting positive feedbacks are excellent ways to avoid business failure in the future. Unquestionably there are several factors that contribute to a business failure other than attitude, but definitely this aspect of business will keep our capital society afloat. 3. Explain whether it is more reasonable to expect workers, especially in a capitalist society, to be more devoted to their jobs, more concerned with quality and customer service, than Sheehy’s coworkers were. Adam Smith’s concept of the Invisible Hand explains that human beings are acquisitive creatures and self-motivated, in an economic sense, to gain personal advantage; if we believe this concept is the core of capitalism, we should think it is reasonable to expect workers to be devoted to their jobs. However our reality shows a decline in the commitment people have towards their jobs for many reasons, the one I believe is the most important is the focus on the Short Term, explained by Shaw (2010, p. 54), which tends to make workers â€Å"unimaginative, inflexible, and ultimately uncompetitive,† thinking of ways on how to make big amounts of money in short time without much effort, by investing, by inventing, by becoming an artist, a sport star, etc. unrealistically thinking they can succeed without much effort. Customer service as we know it, might be changing in a near future, we are getting more used to a self-service mentality and that’s why many young people do n’t think is a priority to show devotion on that area. 4. Explain the reasoning behind employee theft. Employee theft is explained by a mix of circumstances that employees experience within our capitalist society. People have profit motive, some employees believe they enjoy certain advantages of working for a specific company, let’s say an employee thinks he or she is entitled to take home office supplies that cost the company a lot of money, only because he knows is within the company’s budget and they feel they aren’t compensated well enough so they can supplement their salaries by stealing. Also most employees that steal do it because they believe they can get away with it, or they have seen other employees doing it without having any consequences, therefore it’s a spread feeling among co-workers that it’s ok to take things from the company when it certainly isn’t. Some other employees that steal do it because they are experiencing truly economic problems and they are not responsible enough to solve them in another way, but stealing from the company to make up for their losses. Whichever the case, is very important to pay attention to this growing tendency, because businesses do lose considerable amount of money from employee theft, and this can affect the future of American business. 5. Explain ways the culture of our capitalists society encourages attitudes like those Sheehy describes . Capitalism have encouraged a lot of people to better themselves by acquiring a good education; is it necessary to have a better education today in order to have a customer service job than the one required many years ago for the same type of position. Consequently it takes more effort and more money invested in education for these young people to find better jobs; this can create the feeling that all the efforts are not worth unless you have a nice, big paying job, without having to start from scratch. Also younger generations have grown up with a lot technological help, compared to older generations, they have the Internet, computers, cell phones, entertaining gadgets, etc. that make tasks easier and the use of those is strongly encouraged by our capitalist society. As a result there is a pressure to have this technology in order to succeed, a pressure of affording the lifestyle that is â€Å"accepted† by their circle. United States is one of the very few countries were people can become rich in a very short timeframe, whether is by an business, artistic, or sports skill; some have invested at the right time and have become successful, and this mentality has stuck on the young people’s head, to the point that anyone could become rich overnight, if they only know how to play the right cards, not necessarily having to work a lifetime to build their capital.

Dada vs. Walter Benjamin What Value Does Dada Have in...

------------------------------------------------- Unit 7. ------------------------------------------------- Dada Vs. Walter Benjamin: What value does Dada have in context of Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction? ------------------------------------------------- Martin Hannon ------------------------------------------------- Martin Newth ------------------------------------------------- B.A. Photography, Year 2. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- I have often been attracted to both the visual aesthetic, critical standpoint and to some extent the theory of artists Hannah Hoch and Kurt†¦show more content†¦Although Walter Benjamin and Dada are contemporaneous, by the time Benjamin wrote his essay (1936), Dada was being purged from Germany by the political events concerning Hitler and the Nazi party, which considered Dada degenerative art. The year after the essay was published Dada was included along with many other forms of modern art in their Entartete Kunst (degenerative art) exhibition, which aimed to defame modernism as a conspiracy against German decency: Schwitters fled to Norway the same year, likewise, Walter Benjamin (being an assimilated Jew) had left Germany in 1932. For this reason, it is important to remember political context when examining Benjamins essay. ------------------------------------------------- He discusses his concerns with film are that ‘Quantity has now become quality’, that ‘the masses are looking for distraction whereas art calls for immersion’ and warns us that ‘reception in a state of distraction, which is increasing noticeably in all fields of art and is symptomatic of profound changes in apperception, finds in film its true means of exercise’ ------------------------------------------------- ‘Mankind, which in Homers time was an object of contemplation for the Olympian gods, is now one for itself. It’s self-alienation has reached such a degree that it can experience its own destruction as an aesthetic pleasure of the first order. This is the situation of politics which Fascism is rendering aesthetic. Communsim responds by politicizing

Movie the Matrix and Octavia Butlers Dawn Essay - 1538 Words

Movie the Matrix and Octavia Butlers Dawn When I first announced to my parents that I was going to marry my current wife, the first words out of my father’s mouth were, â€Å"But she’s from another culture.† My father and mother, although being generally good people, are the products of an older system of beliefs. It is the matrix I was raised with, and that dictated my earlier learning experience. Fortunately for me, I chose to risk alienating my parents, and told them that if they ever mentioned â€Å"different cultures† to me again, it would be the last time we would be on speaking terms. I chose to ignore the matrix I was presented with, and the happiness and peace of mind that came from that decision have shaped my life ever since. I†¦show more content†¦He is taken from the world he knew and shown the reality of humanity’s state, in which they are held prisoner to power the machines they helped create. Now Neo must choose whether he will pass to a higher state of cognit ion and change the reality he was given, or simply continue as he is, limited by the boundaries and walls imposed on him by a group that doesn’t care about his welfare. He chooses between a system of stagnant mental captivity and progressive mental growth and movement. Now we must compare Dawn to this pattern. The main character Lilith Iyapo is awakened after many years of alternately being tested in a lab and hibernating to discover that the humanity she knew almost destroyed itself with war and violence. She comes from a background where individual thought and expression are treasured above all else, and is faced with the fact that in order to survive as a species, humanity might be forced to give up that uniqueness. The Onkali, a race of beings capable of manipulating DNA in the same way computers manipulate numbers, have given Lilith and her people the chance for survival, but have demanded that the humans join their DNA structure to the Onkali’s in order to reproduce. Lilith, just as Neo was, is given two incredibly binary opposites to choose from, and told

The Life Of Frederick Douglas By Harriet Jacob - 2965 Words

Menal Elmaliki Blessings and Woe The glaring, almost scorching sun beats down on the backs of the enslaved. The sweat rolls down, past their scared backs and down to the heel of their tired aching feet. The plantations roar of devastation, but not of its crops but the people that tend to it. From dusk they rise and to the rake of night they rest, laden with what little sleep, and what little time they have to dream. Their aching scars tell tales far beyond, their eyes seen what no other, and their ears hear like no other; the slaves, encumbered as they are living history. Freedom is all but a dream, and those who dare to even dream or think are those who are not blind and know that freedom is their right. Slavery has weakened the back and soul of Frederick Douglas but surely not his mind and not even slavery can destroy the paramountcy of motherhood and community as Harriet Jacob’s simply shown. In after all, slavery has made Frederick a man and Harriet, a mother. In the â₠¬Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave,† by Frederick Douglass, it details a momentous passage of conquering education and reconquering manhood; gaining glory even though he was left to his own devices from an early age dissimilar to Harriet Jacobs in the â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.† Family values are destroyed, can we even say some existed; what it means to be a man, a husband, and a mother is a trial all on its own. Slavery is a troubling situation; it canShow MoreRelatedJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 Pagesslave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existence of the slaves morality that they are forced compromise to live. Both narrators show slave narratives in the point of view of both men and women slaves that had to deal with physical, mental, and moral abuse during the times of slavery. (Le e 44) Violence was almost an everyday occupancy in the life of a slave, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs had to accept thatRead MoreThe Great Challenge For Marginalized Writers Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagespersuade the audience towards their viewpoint without appearing too critical of the dominant culture. Additionally, minorities faced another challenge because they had to prove their credibility for writing their stories in the first place. Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and Olaudah Equiano relied on prefaces, appeals for morality, and Christianity to establish a connection with their audience. All three writers used ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade the audience towards their perspective. Once theyRead More The Affect Slavery Has On Family Life Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesAffect It Has On Family Life The Effects Of It The lives of Harriet Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave includes diverse experiences that allow them to share common factors to relate to each others stories. Jacobs and Douglass were born during the slavery period in the â€Å"less harsh† regions of North Carolina and Maryland. Looking at and comparing their childhood, Jacobs and Douglass both enjoyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Slavery Period A Number Of African Slaves By Harriet Beecher Stowe1798 Words   |  8 Pagestheir work. Knowing where they came from or where they grew up from is important, the type of work that each individual accomplished when they published their work to the public. The massive impact that Phillis Wheatley, Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Jacobs, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Abraham Lincoln had in the black community and how they helped change the way they were being treated completely. Phillis Wheatley was a famous poet, her themes were mostly about her own experiences andRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglas s Narrative Of The Life Of A Slave Girl1378 Words   |  6 Pagesof their audience, providing them with the tools necessary to bring change within society. This is exhibited in Jacob and Douglass’s narratives as they depict the human relationships between races through their description of the dehumanizing body of slavery. In the novel, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, set from early to middle 1800s in southern states, Frederick Douglas highlights the brutal aspects of slavery as he transitions into adulthood and seeks to obtain freedom, somethingRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs : Two Humans Born Into Slavery1282 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs: two humans born into slavery. These characters had twistedly abusive masters, forcing them to live in the upmost inhumane way that none, of any era, deserv e to endure. Douglass and Jacobs both had an intense passion to be free in a time when freedom depended on the mere color of skin. Their vision was to break the shackles of slavery, to be free, and live free. The vision did not only concern their freedom, but rather, the vision encompassed all fellow slavesRead More The Impact of Slavery on Black Women Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesand dark, and foul is that pit of abominations.† (Jacobs, 120). These words are spoken by Harriet Jacobs (also known as Linda Brent) and after reading about her life experience as a slave, I have come to believe that slavery was far worse for women than it ever was for men. Jacobs never states that black slave men had it easy during the slave years, in fact she tells a few stories about how some slave men were beaten. She also tells about the life experience of a slave girl, herself. Her own experiencesRead MoreEssay about Fredrick Douglas And Harriet Jacobs1717 Words   |  7 Pagesslaves illit erate hindered them from understanding the world around them. Slave owners knew this. The slaves who were able to read and write always rebelled more against their masters. Frederick Douglass, author of A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Jacobs, author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, were prime examples. Both slaves had been taught how read and write at a young age, and both gained their freedom by escaping to the northern states. What they had learnedRead MoreHarriet Jacobs Vs. Douglas1263 Words   |  6 PagesTamera Buckner Ashley Morgan ENG 1013 D3 25 2/21/2016 Harriet Jacobs vs Fredrick Douglas Slavery was one of the most tragic memories known for in the black race. Slavery is the process at which an African American is purchased by a Caucasian who is used for exhausting labor work such as picking cotton, or tending to house work and being restricted from freedom. All of the slaves were used and abused physically, mentally, and emotionally. In some cases abuse was the death of many of those slavesRead MoreLife of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1524 Words   |  6 Pagesanybody’s life and also thought to be the meaning of life is, for everybody to what they want when they want as long as they are not hurting anybody else. A life spent playing by somebody else’s rules is simply a life not worth living. Slavery is one of the most disgusting parts of many parts of history and violates the right that every person on this earth is entitled to, the freedom of choice. Two of the most seminal and timeless pieces of literature written about slavery, Incidents in the Life of a

Australian Computer Society and Activities

Question: Discuss about the Australian Computer Society and Activities. Answer: Introduction: Australian Computer Society (ACS) has defined ethical standards in terms of the code of conduct that was used during the internship to maintain the ethical correctness of all the ICT activities. The standard was used and applied as there is a lot of information that was present during the internship project along with various tasks and activities. There were also various human resources that were involved and it was necessary to define and communicate an ethical code of conduct for the team to follow and reflect in all of their activities. The standard provides six broad values that the project teams must adapt during their ICT activities. These values include keeping the interest of the public and the customers at the top priority at all times, working towards the betterment of the quality of life through the project activities, reflecting honesty in all the ICT tasks, working competently for all the stakeholders, aiming to enhance the professional development along with enhancing t he integrity of the society. The six values that are defined under the ACS Code of Professional Ethics enabled the maintenance of the clarity towards the ICT ethics. Also, there were situations during the internship in which it was required to choose from the options such as whether to exchange the information with a particular stakeholder or not, prioritization of the activities and likewise. The standard made it easy to select the ethically correct option in all such ethical dilemmas and ensured the success of the project as well (Acs, 2014). References Acs, (2014). ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society. [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf [Accessed 23 Nov. 2016].

Literature Review The Role of Gastronomy for Tourism Development

Overview of the Themes The intensive development of tourism within countries can influence the national economies significantly. The development of tourism depends on the progress of different global trends, and the focus on gastronomy can be discussed as one of these trends (Everett Aitchison, 2008, p. 153; Chrzan, 2006, p. 41; Sakolnakorn, Naipinit, Kroeksakul, 2013, p. 78).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Literature Review: The Role of Gastronomy for Tourism Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, gastronomy can be discussed as the specific segment of the tourism sphere which can be used effectively to influence the general progress of tourism as the economic sector. Today, the focus on gastronomy tourism should be discussed as the result of the intensive economic and social development with references to the increases in the living standards and people’s possibilities to tr avel. That is why, it is important to concentrate on the role of gastronomy for tourism development with references to various cases and global examples. To determine the context for the research question and to identify the perspectives for the topic discussion, it is necessary to conduct the literature review on the theme of gastronomy’s role for tourism. Having examined the existing literature on the problem, it is possible to determine such important themes as the progress of gastronomy tourism as the new sector of the field and the economic advantages of accentuating gastronomy in tourism development. The Progress of Gastronomy Tourism Gastronomy was always closely connected with tourism because visiting new places, people also paid much attention to the local culinary habits and traditions of the population. The situation has changed, and gastronomy became in focus as the main goal of tourists to visit certain countries and cities. If gastronomy was the additional spher e for the development of tourism decades ago, it is the separate and specific segment of the industry today. From this perspective, gastronomy can not only to affect the tourists’ impressions and expectations but also to become the main goal of their activities (Everett Aitchison, 2008, p. 152). Nowadays, tourists leave their places to find new experiences and emotions while eating and cooking in Italy or Austria, and tourism operators are ready to provide them with a lot of different tours on the topic because the popularity of gastronomy tourism grows, and this segment becomes an important profitable sector of the industry (Elsby, 2012, p. 22; Sakolnakorn, Naipinit, Kroeksakul, 2013, p. 77).Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The progress of this tendency depends on the increased status of cuisines in the world which is closely associated with the processes of , for instance, stating the status of the French cuisine as classical and luxurious (Rao, Monin, Durand, 2003, p. 798). The similar processes are characteristic for defining the Italian cuisine or the Asian culinary traditions as attractive for tourists because of the opportunities to develop cross-cultural eating as the approach to establish the cross-cultural ties and receive exotic impressions (Chez, 2011, p. 235). Restaurants as Destinations The role of gastronomy is important for tourism development because experiences of eating the local food are traditionally associated with the places visited. Thus, focusing on food as ‘a cultural reference point’, it is possible to combine the efforts of producers and tour operators in order to contribute to the regional development and tourism progress at the territories (Montanari Staniscia, 2009, p. 1465). Tourism and consumption in their combination should be based on tourists’ strong associations and links between the tastes of food and definite places. That is why, tour operators focus on gastronomy to promote regional flavors and tastes as well as associations with cultures and places (Elsby, 2012, p. 23). As a result, restaurants located in countries where the famous cuisines originated can become the destinations for tourists. It is found that tourism is more developed in those cities where the role of restaurants is high and consumption is connected with the gastronomic tastes of tourists. In this case, the cities can become ‘gastronomic oases’ and contribute to tourism development (Neal, 2006, p. 2). According to Chrzan, â€Å"our minds often link places with food, especially when a place is a popular destination, since most travel involves eating some of the local cuisine† (Chrzan, 2007, p. 21). Stanonis develops the ideas of Neal and states that many cities have the reputation of culinary capitals that is why the numbers of people coming there to visit restaurants where the famous persons ate popular dishes are great, and this trend can be used by tourism managers effectively (Stanonis, 2009, p. 146).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Literature Review: The Role of Gastronomy for Tourism Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, the emphasis on restaurants as the destinations for tourists was typical for the industry’s development during the decades, but today this trend develops according to new approaches because not only restaurants are discussed as destinations but also the opportunity to learn more about the local gastronomy is considered as the attractive perspective for tourists. If Neal and Chrzan discuss the traditional approach to the ties between gastronomy and tourism, Cousins, O’Gorman, and Stierand focus on the opportunities provided by the innovative approaches and changes in the field of gastronomy as effective ones to influence tourism positively. Much attention should be paid to molecular gastronomy as the new wave in the field of gastronomy which is rather revolutionary and can influence the tourism industry significantly. The new conceptualised restaurants are organised to respond to the trend, and these new experiences also affect tourism (Cousins, O’Gorman, Stierand, 2010, p. 119). Economic Advantages of Focusing on Gastronomy for Tourism Development Researchers pay attention to different perspectives with references to which gastronomy can influence the development of tourism industry. One of the perspectives is the connection of gastronomy as the important tourism segment with the national and local agricultural sectors (Sims, 2009, p. 324). Focusing on development of the agricultural sector in Cornwall, South West England, Everett and Aitchison state that gastronomy tourism contributes much to the progress of agricultural diversification in the region and to the intensification o f the production and consumption processes (Everett Aitchison, 2008, p. 151). In their research, Everett and Aitchison concentrate on the general aspects of the question when Sims pays more attention to the creation of the ‘alternative’ food networks in order to promote the growth of the agricultural sector in relation to tourism. This approach is important for increasing the economic sustainability in the region and for improving the local tourism (Sims, 2009, p. 323). The discussion of tourism as advantageous for economy of the country is often based on the approaches used by tour operators and authorities in order to develop the process and stimulate the people’s interest in gastronomy and visiting restaurants as destinations.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chrzan pays attention to the fact that â€Å"returning travellers tell of new foods eaten, new habits learned, and sometimes, in the case of spa and cooking-school vacations, of travel specifically for the food† (Chrzan, 2006, p. 40). From this point, to make this segment of the industry more profitable, it is necessary to refer to the latest tendencies and changes within gastronomy tourism in order to determine the specific directions for the development and further connections of gastronomy, tourism, consumption, growth of the agricultural sector, and development of the national cuisine. Conclusion Having examined the literature on the role of gastronomy for the development of tourism, it is possible to conclude that the discussion of gastronomy as the advantageous sphere for promoting the national and global tourism is developed during the recent years with references to the new approaches to the question. Thus, gastronomy plays an important role in influencing touristsâ⠂¬â„¢ impressions related to places visited. Moreover, today people choose to travel round the globe with the main purpose to taste the local food or to visit cooking seminars and trainings. As a result, gastronomy becomes the main focus for the definite category of tourists. While combining this tendency with the traditional approach to tourism in its relation to gastronomy, it is possible to gain significant benefits and to contribute to the improvement of the local and national economies. That is why, gastronomy as the new tourism segment plays an extremely significant role in forming the tourism industry today and in contributing to its intensive progress in association with such sectors of economy as agriculture and marketing. References Chez, K. (2011). Popular ethnic food guides as auto/ethnographic project. Journal of American Culture, 34(3), 234-246. Chrzan, J. (2007). Dreaming of Tuscany – pursuing the anthropology of culinary tourism. Expedition, 49(2), 21-27. Chrz an, J. (2006). Why study culinary tourism? Expedition, 48(1), 40-41. Cousins, J., O’Gorman, K., Stierand, M. (2010). Molecular gastronomy: cuisine innovation or modern day alchemy? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(3), 118-124. Elsby, C. (2012). Homeward bound. Alternatives Journal, 38(4), 22-23. Everett, S., Aitchison, C. (2008). The role of food tourism in sustaining regional identity: A case study of Cornwall, South West England. 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