The relationship between female leisure participation and Research Paper

The relationship between female leisure participation and psychological well being - Research Paper Example 126) Leisure activities can be divided into two main categories: solo and group activities. Both categories serve unique purposes and each has its characteristic benefits. Solo activities are based on an individual’s personal interests; it can also be defined as a hobby like: gardening, reading, writing, watching television/cinema, going for a walk or skating or swimming - such individual-based leisure activities help women de-stress and unwind from their day to day activities. Women have to go through a lot of biological and social changes throughout their lives. As they enter puberty, life suddenly starts moving in all directions. As they struggle through their education, careers, relationships, parenting, and family life - they find it highly difficult to find out time for leisure activities. As a result, they start developing various physical or psychological disorders, which are manifested in their performance at work or at home. Psychological well being is important beca use it helps a person to balance work and relationships properly. An overburdened female with tremendous responsibilities is not able to feel contentment or being rewarded for whatever she does for herself or for her family. She cannot derive pleasure or satisfaction from the work she does at home or office. It is for this reason that participation in leisure activities should be encouraged to boost the psychological well being of women. Solo leisure activities are a great way to relax and to get entertained. It satisfies the inner yearning of doing something for self. As one chooses leisure activities according to one’s free will, therefore, a person feels a sense of freedom while participating in leisure activities. There are no deadlines to fear about; nor does one have to worry about following rules and regulations. Spa, travelling, hiking, and joining leisure clubs are great ways to improve psychological well being. Likewise, joining gym, music and dance classes, or yoga can boost their self confidence as their body image improves. Low levels of self confidence hinder personal development in a lot of ways. However, leisure activities carried out in groups have far greater effects on the psychological well being of a woman because she can derive pleasure by socializing with people belonging to a cross-section of society. It could mean meeting with new and interesting people and sharing innovative ideas. It could be for a social cause; thus magnifying the benefits of such activities. It has been found out that social networking or socializing has positive effects on the psyche and mind of a person. As women get older, they find themselves lonely or isolated for various reasons: being single, or widowed, or retired, or living independently. Isolation from the society is detrimental to the physical and emotional health of a person; therefore, it is beneficial for such women to participate in leisure activities- particularly, group activities, so that t hey can give something back to society or Mother Nature. Working for a social cause is highly rewarding because it gives a

Tourism Promotion Has Grown

Tourism Promotion Has Grown In the past few years, the body of literature on tourism promotion has grown. Some scholars have paid more attention on this field. Through review being provided by Rothschild (1987, p, 24) and Shimp (1990, p, 19), promotion was originally used in the marketing communication field, and concept of promotion consists of four main elements, namely publicity, advertising, personal selling and sales promotion. According to, Witt and Moutinho (1995, p, 376) claim, promotion is the crux of any successful tourism venture. Moreover, the promotion of tourism regards as complex communication activities. In other words, the point of Witt and Moutinho (1995, p, 377) is that promotion is the mix of communication activities designed by tourist organizations to influence those target audiences upon whom their sales depend both directly and indirectly, in both the short and long term. In addition, in terms of tourism products have their own features, therefore the ways of promotion are different from other types of products. Furthermore, based on previous research, promoting tourism is not only a responsibility of tourist organizations, but also is a program activity of countries, states and provinces (Gunn Var, 2002, p, 57). According to Ascher (1982, cited in Hall, 2007, p, 182), tourism promotion plays an active role in activities of government. What is more, Hall (2007, p, 182) explained that in Australia either Commonwealth or state government pays more attention on the promotion of tourism. In addition, according to the studies of Gunn and Var (2002, p, 57) claim that promotion for tourism usually encompass four activities: advertising, publicity, public relations and incentives. The terms of purpose of tourism promotion is attract visitors and build the sense of a destination. As Middleton (1993, p, 32) suggest tourism promotion serves many functions in addition to the more obvious one of increasing awareness of a place and encouraging visitors through the communication of attractive images. In other words, Tourism promotion can be a tool in image of destination building and increasing a sense of place. And then based on the studies of Henderson (2003, p, 72) point out that tourism promotion can inspire civic pride, as well as to strengthen the sense of belonging for place on the one hand, on the other hand via tourism promotion, destinations can enhanced the reputation in the world wide. In addition both governments and tourism organizations can get economic benefits. According to the research of Witt and Moutinho (1995, p, 379) concluded that promotion of tourism has several fundamental features. For instance, tourism promotion regard as tourism products, which means promotion in tourism, has almost the same features as tourism products. In addition, due to tourism promotion based on symbols, such as sounds, images, pictures, and words, promotion in tourism is harder than in most other kinds of marketing. In brief, promotion alone must generate desire and acceptance in the absence of more tangible evidence, which is why it is no exaggeration to say that promotion is the product (Witt Moutinho, 1995, p, 380). Moreover, the risk associated with tourism promotion (Dwyer Forsyth, 1992, P, 18). Because tourism promotion could be seen as either short-tern or long-term investment activities, the whole process of promoting tourism faces risk. In addition, tourism industry, which is a risky industry, can affect on tourism promotion (Witt Moutinho, 1995 , p, 381). Furthermore, tourism promotion has integrated feature. Based on previous research from Witt and Moutinho suggested that promotion might be seen as complex activity for the governments, travel agencies and destinations. As a result, all the diverse elements of tourism promotion, such as brochures, advertising and films, could be consistent with this feature (Witt Moutinho, 1995, p, 380). Moreover, tourism promotion has certain cultural feature. Since tourism is a cultural product to customers, promoting tourism is to reflect the cultural expectations of the market. It seems that promotion tends to deal with cultural stereotypes (Witt Moutinho, 1995, p, 380). 2.1.1 Tourism promotion in Traditional Media In general, the concept of traditional media is opposite idea of social media (Bruhn, Schoenmueller Schafer, 2012, p, 770). In addition, according to studies provided by Hsu, Killion, Brown, Gross and Huang (2008, p, 302) indicated that traditional media consist by television, film, radio, magazines, newspapers and other print materials. These various forms of traditional media play different roles in tourism promotion. For instance, advertisements are regarded as significant form among tourism promotion. Tourism advertisements are available in different traditional media platforms, such as newspapers, magazines and television (Gunn Var, 2002, p, 57). According to previous research from Hsu, et al (2008, p, 302) asserted, advertising in newspaper, which is seen as the low-cost promotional way. Despite the feature of low-cost, Leckenby (2005, p, 24) asserted, newspapers provide wide reach. As a result many tourism organizations prefer this form as the channel of promotion. Furthermo re, compared with advertising in newspaper, advertising in television is more expensive. According to Hsu, et, al (2008, p, 304) point out that a television advertisement can achieve national exposure and reach a large proportion of the population if it is shown several times during prime-time shows over a number of weeks. It clear that advertising in television is traditional and significant tourism promotional way. Additionally, tourism television advertisements are also regarded as the important channel of national tourism campaign in the past few years (Hall, 2007, p, 181). Additionally, tourism brochures are one of common tourism promotional ways. Based on a literature review, Hsu, et al (2008, p, 298) assert Brochures and other printed materials play a more significant role in tourism than in most other industries. It is clear that brochures, as printed media, play a key role in tourism promotion. In addition, because of other forms of media are expensive for promotion, advertising in brochures is more popular forms of promotion in travel and tourism (Rozier-Rich Santos, 2011, p, 395). Furthermore, from the research of Andereck (2005, p, 8) assert brochures is an influential source of travel information for tourists. In addition, a variety of researchers exist which show brochure is one of significant and widely of promotional method available in tourism industry (Holloway Plant, 1988; Wicks Schuett, 1991, p, 301). With rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies, according to previous researchers, Andereck (2005, p, 3) suggeste d travel brochures continue being the main promotional tool for many places or tourism business which does not have the necessary economic, human, technical or structural resources for spreading information in a more complex or sophisticated way. However, similar to researches put forth by Andereck (2005), Hsu et al (2008, p, 311) argued that if tourism brochures have not been chose appropriate ways to attract attention from customers, and distributed to the improper destinations, brochures are going to be ineffective. As a result, despite printing tourism brochures, many organizations using website to promote their products and services. Moreover, according to Gunn and Var (2002, p, 57) claim of great aid in promoting tourism is the recent explosion in the use of the Internet and electronic business. It seems that the Internet might be seen as a challenge to tourism brochures. Furthermore, in some studies found that films as a tourism tool, which play an active role in tourism industry. Riley and Doren (1991, p, 267) point out that movies become pull factors (attraction) situated in push locations (tourism generating areas). Via films, which can attract tourists to travel as well as cultivate familiarity feeling of tourists toward destinations. From the beginning of 1980s, for example, Australian government used movies as promotional tool. In 1986, the movie Crocodile Dundee released, which express Australian bush culture and laconic Australian identity. Additionally, when the film Australian released, which encourage more international visitors to Australia (Beeton, 2004, p, 131). Therefore, Australia is an appropriate example to analysis movie as a tourism promotion tool. Currently, a large number of studies focus on using tourism brochures, advertising and films to promote tourism business. In addition, little research has pay attention on the impact of Internet for tourism promotion. However, tourism promotion in traditional media existed some problems. For example, traditional media platforms are difficult to attract and capture the attention of target customers on the one hand. On the other hand, the process of update and transmit information is ineffective, such as advertising in newspapers and television, the content need to repeat several times might be attracted attention from target customers or travelers. According to the studies produced by Stern (1995, p, 127, cited in Leckenby, 2005, p, 5) claimed, traditional media, such as television, is a passive and time-constrained media. With rapid development of network communications, social media is gradually effect in many industries. It seems that social media are increasingly replacing traditi onal media (Bruhn, et al, 2012, p, 771). In addition, many scholars pay more attention on promotion in marketing area. However, few studies show a concern on how to use social media, which play a key roe in promotion, to promoting tourism. 2.2

Leadership Essay -- Interpersonal Trustworthiness

The problem to be investigated is how the gap of trust between leaders and followers, weakens employees’ commitment, harms wealth creation, and produces augmented transaction expenses in organizations all over the world (Caldwell, Hayes & Long, 2010). Scandals involving large corporations in recent years have led to calls for more attention being given to ethical behavior within companies, particularly among company leaders. A research area of interest is how ethical behavior among leaders impacts the environment of an organization and the behavior of its staff, including employees’ organizational dedication (Organizational Behavior Application Guide, 2011). Trust between leaders and a follower is essential for a company to be successful. If the followers don’t feel as if they can trust the leaders then there will not be open lines of communication within the company and without those nothing can get accomplished. Leaders today’s face the challenge of earning the trust and commitment of staff members if they want to steer their companies to success in a highly aggressive international framework. Interpersonal trustworthiness is a personal evaluation of the probability that another person can be trusted to respect responsibilities intrinsic within an apparent social contract. The connection amid leader behavior and leader trustworthiness becomes a function of each person’s theoretical thinking as followers infer the understood and explicit elements of the social contract and the values that social contracts include. More and more, scholars have recognized the leader–follower connection as a chain of psychological contracts that increase to the level of a covenantal association (Caldwell, Hayes & Long, 2010). Leaders e... ...ched and that no matter what they do, right or wrong, someone always knows about it. Unethical behavior is something that is not easily overlooked or forgiven in the business arena and once a breach has been identified it takes a big toll on the company and reputation for a long time to come. Organizational behavior is always in the spotlight and should be carried out in the most ethical way possible. The opportunities and benefits that are lost in the end from leaders who are not ethical are tremendous to most companies. Many times the damage that is done is beyond repair and sometimes costs the company its existence in the end. It is very important that organizations make sure that they have good ethical policies in place to guide leaders in the decisions that they make since they not only affect them personally but affect the company as a whole.

Lost Property Essay

Introduction: Yes, relationships are fragile but not permanently so and they are not just a group of individuals. Scope: address positive family representations of Tambling’s past family life and Michael’s own family, address current situation with Michael’s absence, not multiple issues, being the root of tension and final coming together being the result that Michael and Mr Tambling had planned and all had hoped for. Para 1 – address positive family  representations of Tambling’s past family life and Michael’s own family, Para 2 – address current situation with Michael’s absence, not multiple issues, being the root of tension, not multiple issues, dysfunctional behaviour. Para 3 – final coming together being the result that Michael and Mr Tambling had planned and all had hoped for. Conclusion Family life is documented, questioned and applauded in many Australian stories and James Moloney’s ‘Lost Property’ is one such tale. It may be argued that the Tambling family, upon which the novel is based, is a group of individuals held together by fragile relationships. Contrarily however, one may conclude that the family turmoil within the novel is a temporary state. Following, the positive representations of family life, Michael’s temporary exile and the family’s ultimate reconciliation will be explored to prove that the relationships within the family make them more than a group of individuals. The Tambling family has a solid past and has built ideals within the Tambling children to create healthy family networks. We are provided a picture of a productive family life initially; good schools, house close to Sydney. Josh tells us he has ‘just about everything I want’ (p 47). More than the material though, the family invests in the family unit; dinners together at the table, lifts from parents to above-board activities and support at school. Josh and his father share a love of music, share easy banter and have obvious habits of drives together. Josh recalls idyllic beach outings ‘before that bottle of rum’(p 64) when Mrs Tambling wanted to ‘stop the sun going down’. Life was good. Michael perpetuates these ideals in his own life with Kelly; care, commitment and love are obvious. All the time though, we feel a perpetual pull of Michael back to his family of origin. The Tambling siblings have a strong bond, there is genuine family values, traditions and history so strong that it can be re-created by Michael in his own home-life; all evidence to show that the issues that arise, the arguments that occur are not exemplary of their standard life, but a reaction to the fact that their tight family unit is disunited. Michael’s abs ence sits like a seeping wound upon the family psyche. All the family relationships are put under strain by Michael’s behaviour and departure – Michael and Mr Tambling, Mr and Mrs Tambling, Josh and his father, Josh and his mother in particular. Mr Tambling sending  Michael away has put a wedge between him and his wife, her need to know of his safety causing great strain. Josh’s unhappiness, his feeling of being lost, having no identity could be paralleled with Michael’s absence – Josh begins to feel more connected when he begins his mission to Mackay, a quest to return the prodigal son. When we consider the events leading to Michael’s leaving – the drinking, behaviour, his age, one could consider whether Mr Tambling made a sacrifice in insisting Michael leave†¦a calculated decision for the sake of the remainder of the family. He makes another calculated decision when he discovers where Michael is – to not seek him out, to not tell the remainder of the family. One could argue that these calculations were made not due to fragile relationships within the family but because of a deep love and the ultimate hope that the family will be reunited in good time. Family crisis is not unusual but working through crisis is a true test of family strength. In Michael’s case time was required to heal his wounds, perhaps growth as a person, finding his own identity, falling in love, made it possible for him to understand his father, forgive and accept him. The fragility is a consequence of Michael’s absence, the turmoil that preceded his departure and  The unending need for the family to be reconciled, from all sides, invites readers to anticipate a family reunion, not a continuation of fragility.

Osmosis Lab Report Essay

Abstract: The objectives of this lab was to be able to create models of cells with the dialysis tubing to show us how the plasma membrane is selectively permeable, to study the effects of osmosis on a model cell, and to foresee the effect of solute concentration on osmosis. In order to achieve these objectives, we had to fill the dialysis tubing with either water, or different amounts of sucrose. We then tied off the tubes and put them into beakers of distilled water to see how the color changed in the bag/beaker. The result was that the more sucrose in the bag, the greater the final mass. Introduction: The reasons for doing this lab are so that we can learn about osmosis with a model similar to a cell and so that we can have a better understanding of the process and nature of osmosis. Osmosis is diffusion but with water molecules. A concentration gradient exists and because of this, diffusion of solutes can’t happen. Very select things can pass in and out, such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In this situation, a large molecule of starch would be dissolved in water because the molecule is too big to fit through the membranes pores. Since the membrane in permeable to water molecules, it causes the water molecules to diffuse from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. This movement itself is osmosis. To determine if the concentration of solutions is isotonic (solute is equal to the cell), hypotonic (solute is lower outside of the cell), or hypertonic (solute is higher outside of the cell), you measure the total amount of particles in the solution. My hypothesis is: if the dialysis tubing that is filled with sucrose solution and fully emerged in a beaker of distilled water, then the water will seep into the dialysis tubing and the tubing will become a greater mass. The independent variables in this lab are the beakers of distilled water, and the amount of sucrose (0.2-1.0M). The dependent variables are the final mass of the bag, the change in the mass of the bag, and % change in the mass of the bag. The control is the amount of sucrose solution and distilled water (10ml). * Rinse out the medicine cup between solution uses. Don’t forget to gently squeeze out the excess air in bags. * Tie off the other end of all dialysis tubing with a piece of string. Run the bag under water for just a moment. After, gently squeeze the bag to check if it is leaking. If there’s a leak, be sure to retie it tightly/tighter. * Dry the outside of the tubing with a paper towel and use the balance to measure the mass of all 6 bags separately. Record the masses. * Place the bags into their corresponding beakers and fill the beakers with distilled water enough that the dialysis tubing is completely submerged in the distilled water. Wait 30 minutes to let osmosis happen. * After the time’s up, remove the bag from the beakers, wipe off excess liquid gently, and record the bags’ masses separately. Record the masses. * For all solutions, subtract the initial mass from the final mass to get the change in mass of the bag. Record the positive or negative results. * For all solutions, take the results from the last step and divide it by the initial mass, then multiply it by 100 to get the percent change in mass for each bag. Record the percentages. * Calculate the class average % change in mass for each solution. Record results. Results: Discussion: The data is stating that the mass has risen after the 30 minute time period. Osmosis has occurred, because the water molecules have diffused into the dialysis tubing. I have concluded that my hypothesis was correct, since the date reinforces that the mass is greater after being put into the beakers of distilled water. Some sources of error could’ve been when we found out that one of our bags was leaking, another would be when the sucrose solution was spilled out of the dialysis tubing and it got all over the outside and we might’ve not wiped off all of the solution off. More errors could be not covering the bags completely with distilled water or not leaving the bags in the beakers for exactly 30 minutes. Some modification that could be made to the lab to improve it could be having the same length of tubing/string, and stopwatches for timing 30 minutes exactly. Also, putting the tubing in at the same time so the timing is all on point could help with accuracy. Questions that came to mind during this lab were; Is the timing correct and how much will it affect the results? Are the solutions of sucrose sitting in the bags waiting while we fill the others going to change/be affected? Are any of the bags leaking or have any excess solution outside of the bag? Further research could be why the sucrose solution doesn’t diffuse through the membrane and what other solutions would have a similar effect as the sucrose solution. Acknowledgements: Thank you to all of my sources including; my lab partners: Emily Bartholet, Emily Shephard, and Juliana Hartlove, the AP Biology Lab paper, Ms. Bell, and biology.arizona.edu for all of your help and assistance. Sources: AP, C. B. (2008). AP Biology Lab 1: Diffusion & Osmosis Activity 1b: Osmosis. â€Å"Student Background Information.† The Biology Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.